Vedantasara (Essence of Vedanta) by Sadananda Yogindra is a foundational text that provides a concise summary of key Vedantic concepts. It is particularly useful for beginners in Vedanta, as it organizes complex ideas systematically. One of the significant topics it covers is the Antahkarana (inner instrument) and its fourfold division: Manas, Buddhi, Chitta, and Ahamkara. Here’s an elaboration of its treatment of the subject:

Context of Antahkarana in Vedantasara

In Vedantasara, the Antahkarana is described as the tool through which the individual perceives, thinks, decides, and identifies. It forms part of the subtle body (sukshma sharira) and is considered essential for experiencing and interpreting both the material and spiritual worlds.

The Antahkarana is differentiated from the senses (indriyas) in that it operates internally, processing and interpreting the sensory input provided by the external senses. Vedantasara outlines the following four functions of the Antahkarana:

1. Manas (Mind)

   • Function: Sankalpa-Vikalpa (doubt, imagination, or indecision).
   • Role: Acts as the preliminary processor of sensory inputs, questioning and contemplating possibilities.
   • Example: When faced with an object, the Manas might think, “Is this a snake or a rope?

2. Buddhi (Intellect)

   • Function: Nishchaya (determination, discrimination).
   • Role: Makes decisions and judgments based on reasoning and analysis.
   • Example: Buddhi decides, “This is a rope, not a snake,” based on evidence and logic.

3. Chitta (Memory/Subconscious Mind)

   • Function: Smriti (retention of past experiences and impressions).
   • Role: Stores memories and impressions (samskaras), which influence perception and decision-making.
   • Example: Recalling previous encounters with a rope or snake helps determine the current object.

4. Ahamkara (Ego)

   • Function: Abhimana (sense of “I” or individuality).
   • Role: Creates a sense of self and ownership, identifying with the body, mind, and experiences.
   • Example: Ahamkara asserts, “I saw this rope” or “I am afraid of snakes.”

Antahkarana’s Role in Vedantic Practice

Vedantasara explains that the Antahkarana must be purified and disciplined for spiritual progress. When it is clouded by desires, attachments, or ignorance, it leads to suffering and identification with the material world. However, when purified through practices like:

• Shravana (hearing Vedantic teachings)
• Manana (reflecting upon them)
• Nididhyasana (meditative absorption)

…the Antahkarana becomes an instrument for realizing the Self (Atman).

Relation to Self-Realization

Vedantasara emphasizes that self-realization (Atma Jnana) requires transcending the Antahkarana. The Buddhi, sharpened through spiritual discipline, ultimately recognizes that the Atman is distinct from the mind, body, and ego. Once the Ahamkara dissolves, the practitioner experiences liberation (Moksha), understanding their true nature as pure consciousness.